Myanmar, a country steeped in a rich history and diverse culture, has endured decades of political oppression, ethnic strife, and systemic inequality. In the pursuit of freedom—a shared dream that unites all oppressed people—Myanmar’s journey has been marred by a devastating irony: the very quest for liberation has often fractured the fragile bonds of unity that once held its people together.
The struggle for freedom in Myanmar has been long and arduous, marked by colonial legacies, military rule, and deep-seated ethnic divisions. The mid-20th century independence movement from British colonial rule laid the foundation for a sovereign Myanmar. However, hopes for democratic governance were soon dashed by successive military takeovers, culminating in decades of authoritarian control.
The most recent chapter of this struggle unfolded after the February 2021 coup, which overturned the democratically elected government of the National League for Democracy (NLD). Mass protests erupted across the country, with people from all walks of life demanding a return to democracy. The subsequent military crackdown led to widespread violence, displacing thousands and exacerbating the nation’s humanitarian crisis. Generations of Myanmar’s citizens have sacrificed their lives, homes, and stability to fight for a brighter future.
For many, the dream of freedom represents more than the absence of oppression; it is a vision of a nation where democracy, justice, and equality flourish. Yet, this vision remains fragmented. In a land of over 135 ethnic groups, with distinct languages, religions, and cultural identities, the pursuit of freedom has often splintered into competing agendas, complicating the realization of a unified national movement.
Ethnic diversity, a hallmark of Myanmar’s identity, should serve as a source of strength. However, it has been weaponized as a tool for division. The military junta has exploited ethnic differences to sow discord, employing a strategy of “divide and rule” that has deepened mistrust among communities.
The Rohingya genocide stands as a grim testament to this strategy. Since 2017, the systematic persecution and expulsion of the Rohingya people have drawn international condemnation, yet similar patterns of marginalization persist against other ethnic minorities such as the Kachin, Chin, Karen, and Zomi. For these communities, the struggle for survival has often become an ethnic battle rather than a unified fight against military oppression.
Ethnic armed organizations (EAOs), formed to protect minority interests and fight for autonomy, have further complicated the national resistance movement. While their aspirations for self-determination are legitimate, they sometimes conflict with the broader national struggle for democracy led by groups like the National Unity Government (NUG) and its People’s Defense Force (PDF). These tensions have fragmented the resistance, preventing the formation of a cohesive front against the military regime.
The disunity among Myanmar’s people has come at a high cost. Without a unified voice, resistance movements struggle to gain international recognition and support. Competing priorities and mistrust undermine the collective strength needed to confront a common enemy. This lack of cohesion prolongs the suffering of millions and weakens the prospects for meaningful change.
On a personal level, the divisions have profound social consequences. Families are torn apart by ethnic violence, communities are plagued by mutual suspicion, and the dream of a shared future feels increasingly distant. This erosion of trust has made reconciliation and collective action more challenging, further entrenching the divide.
Despite these challenges, there remains hope for unity. Myanmar’s people share a common history of resilience and a deep desire for peace. Bridging the divides requires acknowledging past grievances, promoting dialogue, and building trust among ethnic groups. These efforts must prioritize inclusivity, ensuring that all voices—particularly those of marginalized communities—are heard and valued.
Civil society organizations, both within Myanmar and in the diaspora, play a crucial role in fostering understanding and cooperation. Initiatives to document shared suffering under military rule, amplify marginalized voices, and promote inclusive governance models are already underway. For instance, grassroots movements are working to create platforms where ethnic groups can collaboratively envision a future beyond military rule.
The international community also has a significant role to play. By supporting grassroots initiatives, imposing targeted sanctions on the military, and encouraging inclusive dialogue, external actors can help rebuild the bonds of unity that have been eroded. Advocacy for humanitarian aid and refugee support can further alleviate the immediate suffering of those affected by conflict.
In conclusion, the quest for freedom in Myanmar is far from over, but it cannot succeed without unity. As the people of Myanmar continue their fight against oppression, they must also confront the divisions that weaken their cause. Embracing the strength of their diversity and committing to a shared vision of peace and justice are essential for building a sustainable future.
In this struggle, the words of the late U Thant, Myanmar’s former UN Secretary-General, resonate deeply: “Peace can only last where human rights are respected, where the people are fed, and where individuals and nations are free.” The road to peace and freedom lies not only in resisting oppression but also in rediscovering the unity that binds a nation together. By addressing both the internal and external challenges, Myanmar’s people can pave the way for a truly free and just society.
Author:
Go Suan Pau is the Director and President of The Institute and holds an Honours degree in International Relations from the University of South Australia. He also earned a Bachelor of International Relations from the University of Adelaide, where he received the Curro Faculty of ABLE Scholarship (2020–2022) and contributed to the Student Union, Refugee Research Online and OnDit magazine.
Making a donation is the ultimate sign of solidarity. Actions speak louder than words.
© 2022 The Australia Myanmar Institute for Democracy, Human Rights and Peace Limited (AMIDHRP).
All rights reserved. Design by NWD.
